Adipocytes (lipocytes) fat cells compose adipose tissue & secrete hormones resistin, adiponectin, leptin and apelin.  

ATP, Adenosine TriPhosphate (adenosine with 3 phosphate molecules (PO4) attached), transfers chemical energy within the cell through the loss of one of its phosphate groups.  In the mitochondria ADP returns to the high energy state ATP 3(PO4) through absorbing energy from the metabolism of carbohydrates & fats.  ATP provides the energy for over 90% of the biosynthesis:  for muscle contraction, hormones, collagen, etc. and for intra and intercellular active transport.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) causes cigarettes and a high sugar diet by causing  endothelial dysfunction of the artery walls.  These cells permit pathogens to colonize in the artery walls to cause inflammation, atherosclerosis, and CVD.

Carbohydrate (carb):  fiber, fructose, glucose, glycogen, starch, sucrose, lactose, net carbs (total carbs minus fiber):

Fiber, vegetable fiber, roughage,  the carbohydrate component not broken down by digestive enzymes, but some is by gut bacteria.  Fiber has more than ten sugar units.  It lowers the insulin spike when consumed with refined carbs. 

Fructose (fruit sugar) a monosaccharide; main sources are fruits, the disaccharide sucrose, and high fructose corn syrup.  Fructose is only metabolized in the liver.   Fructose is a net 15 more reactive then glucose and by glycation damages proteins throughout the body to cause age related chronic diseases. In the liver it causes IR and NAFLD. 

Glucose a monosaccharide is the main energy storage molecule for plants; in humans 1-2-lbs is stored as long-chain glycogen a backup energy source stored in muscles, fat and liver cells.  Glucose is as one half of sucrose, and is also obtained from the hydrolysis of the digestible starches.  Glucose and fat are the main sources for production of ATP.

 Starch is long chains of glucose units (polysaccharide) that is produced mostly by green plants for energy storage. 

Sucrose, table sugar, a disaccharide produced by plants that is hydrolyzed in the stomach into the sugars fructose and   glucose, the forms which are absorbed, circulated in the blood, and active transported into certain cells. 

Glycation:  a process where a monosaccharide (simple sugar) randomly attaches to mainly proteins, and this adversely affects their functions, thus glycation is a major cause of our chronic age-related diseases. 

Fat (Free Fatty acids and triglycerides): up to 24 carbon molecules with an organic acid or glycerol molecule on end.

Incretin: class of hormones secreted by the stomach and intestines which causes insulin secretion and produces satiety.

Insulin: a gateway hormone is produced by the pancreas.  Its main function is to have cells absorb glucose and store fat.  Insulin also regulates other hormones including leptin.  Low insulin is the cause of type 1 and 2 diabetes. 

Insulin resistance (IR):   a condition of higher than normal amount of blood insulin to manage blood glucose due to a diminished response to insulin by various tissues.  The pancreas then releases even more insulin to lower blood glucose.

Ketogenic diet (very low carbohydrate diet):  it forces the body to rely upon just fats to produce ATP to cause weight loss without restricting calories.  It is named refers to the ketones produced in this metabolic natural process

Leptin:  produced by fat cells is in part regulated by insulin.  Leptin in the brain suppresses appetite and it also regulates metabolism.  Leptin is responsible for the 25% reduction in metabolism plus increased appetite that eventually occurs during an energy-restricted diet.  Leptin functions to maintain fat storage and to restore weight even years later.  

Lipids are a group of naturally occurring fat like molecules including waxes, sterols, fats, phospholipids, and others.

Metabolism in reference to diet refers to the metabolic conversion of mainly either fat or carbohydrate into the energy molecule ATP mostly by the mitochondria.  Under conditions of starvation proteins also can be used to make ATP.

NAFLD (Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease):  the accumulation of fat by liver cells sufficient to significantly downgrade their various functions.  The NHANES survey 2011 found NAFLD in 30% of adult population—similar % for Europe. 

Type-2 diabetes (T2D): occurs when the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin to lower glucose to its normal range; it results from chronic IR and the accumulation of fat in the pancreas which eventually causes the decline in insulin.

. Each portion of food contained 240 Calories—score relative to white bread which was set at 100

Table from link, and detailed explanation of the testing.

Net Carbs while on Atkins ketogenic diet—easy table by JK                        

Net Carbs = total carbohydrates minus fiber content in grams (avoid those in red)

Also avoid refined carbs, high carbs, and like such as in chips, breads, pasta, soda, all juices and sweetened drinks, most deserts.  Since goal is low insulin, limit protein to about 35 grams woman and 45 average size man.

Net carbs, from the food label simply subtract fiber from total carbohydrates

On the Atkins website (http://files.atkins.com/1501_CarbCounter_Online.pdf) is an extensive table of net carbs.  Remember that food manufacturers add sugar to nearly every product plus many of them have various forms of starch as filler and thickening agent (starch is pure glucose). 

Leptin “the "satiety hormone,"^[a] is a hormone made by adipose cells [fat] that helps to regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger. Leptin is opposed by the actions of the hormone ghrelin, the "hunger hormone". Both hormones act on receptors in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus to regulate appetite to achieve energy homeostasis.^[2] In obesity, a decreased sensitivity to leptin occurs, resulting in an inability to detect satiety despite high energy stores^[3]”Wiki.   Leptin Resistance entails a resistance in cells to leptin, and therefore the secretion of an excess of leptin in the blood which causes eating more food to produce satiety.  Leptin also functions to lower metabolism when on a diet so as to maintain the current or to return to the former level of fat storage. 

Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs): specialists who rise to top positions in their area of expertise.  In fields relevant to business the norm is their KOLs violate the standards of science to produce studies and spread business-favorable spin.  The term is used in to connote  bad conduct.  Pharma has used KOLs along with regulatory capture to produce a drug disaster while selling it to medical students, physicians, politicians, and the public as cutting edge science.   See Prof Marcia Angell lecture below.

***** Sugar White Poison:  an amazing expose on this toxic stuff  18 min, 141,800 views, Australian Broadcast Corp, the condensed, plain language, account of how the refined carbs & fructose are at the heart of the obesity, diabetes pandemics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBp_dMIMryM FIRST CHOICE

*****The Complete Skinny on Obesity 58 min, 288,000 views, University California TV (UCTV), Dr. Robert Lustig Prof USF, great graphic, documentary, ask how did we get so fat, from 10% to 40% in 10 years, on addiction and the biology of weight gain.  Fats not the problem but carbs and sugar, especially fructose.  General audience https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=moQZd1-BC0Y Lustig’s best, FOURTH CHOICE

***** Low carb diet:  Fat or Friction 29 min, 357,600 views, Australian Broadcast Corp (ABC), for large audience, on how the low carb diet (thus high-fat diet) prevents and cures obesity and type-2-diabetes—the New Atkins diet (below).  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RNUh7P3TrAE  THIRD CHOICE excellent

***** Enjoy Eating Saturated Fats:  They’re Good for You 53 min, 262,000 views. Prof. Donald Miller, surgery, cardiothoracic division, University of Washington.  Clear well organized college lecture with graphics and lots of information, given to audience of physicians, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRe9z32NZHY  8^th, very good

*****Therapeutic Fasting—Solving the Two Compartment Problem 36 min, 141,000 views, Dr. Jason Fung lecture on the yo-yo diet, explains why the long-term obese early always gains back most or more of the weight that they lost within a few years, metabolism drops and they “feel like shit”.  Leads to the biology of fat storage. Solution is low carbs and fasting  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tIuj-oMN-Fk Excellent

***** President’s Lecture Series 2009-2010, 78 min, 27,600 views MD.  Marcia Angell PhD Harvard, based on her best-selling book, “The Truth About Drug Companies and how they deceive us”   Her lecture with slides is an example of clarity, organization, and logical use of examples to illustrate points all of which show the ways pharma and corporate media deceives the public,  “educates” doctors, and influences regulators.  The information system is broken https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uDbQNBla6aU  highly recommended

***** Making a Killing, the Untold Story of Psychotropic Drugs 95 min 669,000 view. How pharma controls the information, medical associations, sets guidelines through their KOLs, & pushes very addicting sedatives as safe and effective, which make people violent https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rk-ryvdWPgw  excellent